Reviewers

Prof. Witold Byrski

Prof. Krzysztof Kluszczyński

Project Manager

Edyta Kunowska

English Language Editor

Racinowski Studio

Cover design and title pages

Grafos

Photo on the cover

Kodym/Dreamstime

Production Coordinator

Mariola Grzywacka

Ebook

Michał Latusek

The book was co-financed by the Lodz University of Technology

Copyright © by Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA, 2019

ISBN 978-83-01-22871-2

This book has been prepared on paper edition from 2023 (First edition)

Warsaw 2023

Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA

Polish Scientific Publishers PWN

02-460 Warsaw, G. Daimlera 2

tel. (+48) 22 69 54 321; fax (+48) 22 69 54 288

helpline 801 33 33 88; e-mail: pwn@pwn.com.pl

www.pwn.pl

Sample

Preface

Abbreviations

Nomenclature

Summary

Introduction

CHAPTER 1. Multiphase Flow Measurements

1.1. Multiphase flow metering

1.2. Multiphase flow classification

Summary

CHAPTER 2. Tomographic Imaging Systems

2.1. Electrical resistance tomography

2.2. Electrical capacitance tomography

2.3. Reconstruction algorithms

Summary

CHAPTER 3. Algorithms for the Real-Time Measurement of Multiphase Flow Parameters Based on Tomographic Images

3.1. Methods for multiphase flow velocity determination

3.1.1. Pixel to pixel based cross-correlation method for flow velocity calculation

3.1.2. Best-correlated pixel method (Mosorov et al., 2002)

3.1.3. Virtual channel concept method (Dyakowski, Mosorov et al. 2003)

3.1.4. Weighted-mean phases method (Mosorov, 2006A)

3.1.5. Phase spectrum method for time delay estimation using twin plane electrical capacitance tomography (Mosorov, 2006B)

3.2. Algorithms for swirl flow velocity measurements

3.2.1. The centre of gravity method (Saoud, Mosorov, Grudzień, 2016)

3.2.2. Spatio-temporal cross-correlation method for swirl flow velocity measurement (Saoud, Mosorov, 2017)

3.2.3. Estimation of the rotation angle of gas/solid swirl flow by subpixel image resizing (Mosorov, Sankowski, 2018)

3.3. Flow pattern tracing method (Mosorov, 2008)

3.4. Estimation of tomography in mixing processes based on tomographic images (Mosorov, 2015B)

Summary

CHAPTER 4. Algorithms for the Radioactive Particle Tracking Technique

4.1. MCNP5 code in radioactive particle tracking (Mosorov, Abdullah, 2011)

4.1.1. The MCNP5 model

4.1.2. Algorithm validation

4.2. Iterative position reconstruction algorithm for radioactive particle techniques (Mosorov, 2013)

4.2.1. Algorithm description

4.2.2. Algorithm validation

4.3. Strategy for fitting source strength and reconstruction procedure in radioactive particle tracking (Mosorov, 2015A)

4.4. Modelling of dynamic experiments in the MCNP5 environment (Mosorov et al. 2016)

4.4.1. Theory

4.4.2. Dynamic model benchmarking

4.5. The Lambert-Beer Law in time domain form and its application (Mosorov, 2017)

4.5.1. The Lambert-Beer Law in time form

4.5.2. Simulation results

Summary

Conclusion

Reference

About Author

Other chapters are available in the full version of the e-book.

Preface

Multiphase flows and their phenomena have increasingly become the subject of investigation in a wide variety of engineering systems, similarly to the development of flow quantities, which are essential in the understanding of many technical processes. Multiphase flow metering and characterisation are a big challenge in many industrial systems for their optimum design and safe operation. It is, however, by no means sufficient for the control of today’s modern industrial technology, where the transport of materials is a crucial element in the production process. In all areas of the industrial environment, from the food to the petrochemical industry, control of flow is the main problem from both an economic and product quality point of view, where high precision of flow metering is unrelentingly required in order to precisely control the process.

The key parameter of flow measurements is velocity. Therefore, the motivation for writing this monograph has been the need for a work covering the full range of algorithms for determining the velocity components in multiphase flows. In the case of a dynamic multiphase flow, especially such as a swirl flow, velocity variations in magnitude and direction are one of the most important issues generating errors during flow measurement. In this case, determining the velocity requires additional analysis of all three velocity components: axial, radial and angular.

The monograph presents a review of algorithms using non-invasive methods that enable a more accurate determination of the key flow parameters, especially for multiphase flows. In order to meet the requirement, methods of flow parameter measurement have been considered based on statistical analysis of data gathered from e.g. Electrical Tomography systems or Radioactive Particle Tracking technique systems. All the presented methods have been developed with the direct participation of the author and express his many years of experience in this scientific field.

The author hopes that the monograph will be useful for a wide range of readers dealing with the development of algorithms for flow measurements.

Abbreviations

AC – Alternative Current

CCD – Charge-Coupled Device

CFD – Computational Fluid Dynamics

CV – Capacitance Voltage

DAS – Data Acquisition System

ECT – Electrical Capacitance Tomography

ET – Electrical Tomography

ERT – Electrical Resistance Tomography

IBP – Iterative Back Projection

IPT – Industrial Process Tomography

LBP – Linear Back Projection

MCNP code – Monte Carlo N-Particle code

RPT – Radioactive Particle Tracking

TIV – Digital Image Processing

Nomenclature

C

Matrix of measured capacitances

Noise contaminated capacitances

Δt

Time interval

S–1

Inverse of the sensitivity matrix

CE

Measured capacitances for empty sensor

Lmax

Local region of confidence

Cij

Measure capacitances between the ith electrode and jth electrode

Qij

Generated charge

CF

Measured capacitances in the case of a full sensor

CN

Normalised capacitances

S T

Transpose of the sensitivity matrix

ε(x, y)

Permittivity distribution

ϕ(x, y)

Electrical potential distributions

σ(x, y)

Conductivity distribution in the sensing of a field

xn(iT)

Instantaneous distribution of material for nth pixel of ith image obtained from the cross-section X

Γ

Electrode surface

Uij

Voltage between the source electrode i and the detector electrode j

Δθ

Angular displacement

θ

Angle of rotation applied to the image

X(iT), Y(iT)

Series of images from the X, Y planes, respectively

Vangular

Average angular velocity

Vaxial

Average axial velocity

Vr

Radial velocity component

Vz

Axial velocity component

τ

Lag (delay) time

d

The distance between two planes

Rx[n,m] y[n,m](kT)

Correlation function

x[n,m](iT), y[n,m](iT)

Material distribution changes in pixel [n,m] of images from the X, Y planes, respectively

X, Y

Planes of electrode

mn

Average mass flow rate into nth pixel

ρ

Material density

σ 2

Standard deviation

S( jω)

Spectral density of signal

Summary

The monograph presents the author’s own methods of measuring the key parameters of multiphase flows, such as velocity, when it is observed that the flow regime is undergoing dynamic spatial and temporal changes (from laminar to swirl flow). Such changes in flow behaviour required a further development of relevant measurement approaches. Additionally, the correct way to determine the velocity has also been discussed in this monograph. The theoretical considerations and analysis concerning multiphase flow velocity characterisation are presented in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 describes the flow parameter measurement methods based on tomographic images and cross-correlation techniques. Chapter 3 presents original algorithms developed for the radioactive particle tracking technique to determine the temporal tracker position inside the interest of a volume.

Introduction

There has been great interest in multiphase flows for many years now. The development of the measurement methods and techniques for flow characterisation are essential in order to understand different industrial processes. Engineers have devoted much energy and research to develop various solutions and techniques for the investigation and metering of multiphase flows with an aim to:

• obtain local or integral information about multiphase flows;

• improve the precision of rigid sensors by building instruments that are more sensitive;

• apply new techniques and install highly sophisticated instruments.

In spite of their efforts, the current level of achieved flow-process knowledge is still insufficient, as there is no standard or optimum instrumentation (Powell, 2008), (Scott and McCann, 2005). Multiphase flow measurements require deep research using special solutions for each required purpose. A proper set-up of the measuring system does not automatically guarantee its applicability in the multiphase flows environmental conditions. In addition, in many cases multiphase flow measurement techniques do not measure phase properties directly. Therefore, the phase models need to be verified and the measured data needs to be compared with the calculated data.

Multiphase flow is a common occurrence in many industrial installations where a substance is usually carried along process pipes or vessels. In all areas of the industrial environment, from the food to the petrochemical industry, control of flow is the main problem from both an economic and product quality point of view (Sankowski and Sikora, 2010). The high precision of flow metering is unrelentingly required in order to provide optimum control of the process system. An error in flow measurement can cause heavy financial losses and have efficiency repercussions on the production process.

Many industrial processes are intrinsically multiphase flows where the flowing material is composed of two or more distinct components or phases, which themselves may be fluids or solids. Various examples of industrial multiphase flows can be found in: